RESUMO
Background & objectives: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent across all age groups in general population of India but studies among tribal populations are scanty. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of VDD in the indigenous tribal population of the Kashmir valley and examine associated risk factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional investigation, a total of 1732 apparently healthy tribal participants (n=786 males and n=946 females) were sampled from five districts of Kashmir valley by using probability proportional to size method. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were classified as per the Endocrine Society (ES) recommendations: deficiency (<20 ng/ml), insufficiency (20-30 ng/ml) and sufficiency (>30 ng/ml). The serum 25(OH)D levels were assessed in relation to various demographic characteristics such as age, sex, education, smoking, sun exposure, body mass index and physical activity. Results: The mean age of the male participants was 43.79±18.47 yr with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 20.50±7.53 kg/m2, while the mean age of female participants was 35.47±14.92 yr with mean BMI of 22.24±4.73 kg/m2. As per the ES guidelines 1143 of 1732 (66%) subjects had VDD, 254 (14.71%) had insufficient and 334 (19.3%) had sufficient serum 25(OH)D levels. VDD was equally prevalent in male and female participants. Serum 25(OH)D levels correlated positively with serum calcium, phosphorous and negatively with serum alkaline phosphatase. Gender, sun exposure, altitude, physical activity and BMI did not seem to contribute significantly to VDD risk. Interpretation & conclusions: VD deficiency is highly prevalent among Kashmiri tribals, although the magnitude seems to be lower as compared to the general population. These preliminary data are likely to pave way for further studies analyzing the impact of vitamin D supplementation with analysis of functional outcomes
RESUMO
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome characterizedby chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate,fat and protein metabolism with absolute or relative deficiencyof insulin secretion and/or insulin action. It is one of themost common non-communicable diseases in the world.Adiponectin is a protein secreted exclusively by adipocytesthat regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. It has been foundto influence the body’s response to insulin thereby modulatinginsulin action and resistance. Several studies have found thatadiponectin levels are inversely associated with the severityof diabetes mellitus. Our study, thus, aims to compare theassociation between levels of adiponectin, fasting bloodglucose, body mass index and waist-hip ratio in patients ofdiabetes mellitus.Material and Methods: This case control study was done inpatients of type 2 diabetes mellitus attending Medicine OPDand ward from October 2016 to September 2018. A total of 88people were included in the study; 44 cases and 44 controls.Results: This study shows that serum adiponectin level issignificantly decreased in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients ascompared to controls and it also shows negative correlationwith fasting blood glucose, body mass index and waist-hipratio.Conclusion: It can be concluded that serum adiponectinestimation may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis oftype 2 diabetes mellitus and it may be a useful adjunct in thetreatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.